Как установить mysql server linux

Chapter 7 Installing MySQL on Linux

Table of Contents

Linux supports a number of different solutions for installing MySQL. We recommend that you use one of the distributions from Oracle, for which several methods for installation are available:

Table 7.1 Linux Installation Methods and Information

Type	Setup Method	Additional Information
Apt	Enable the MySQL Apt repository	Documentation
Yum	Enable the MySQL Yum repository	Documentation
Zypper	Enable the MySQL SLES repository	Documentation
RPM	Download a specific package	Documentation
DEB	Download a specific package	Documentation
Generic	Download a generic package	Documentation
Source	Compile from source	Documentation
Docker	Use the Oracle Container Registry. You can also use Docker Hub for MySQL Community Edition and My Oracle Support for MySQL Enterprise Edition.	Documentation
Oracle Unbreakable Linux Network	Use ULN channels	Documentation

As an alternative, you can use the package manager on your system to automatically download and install MySQL with packages from the native software repositories of your Linux distribution. These native packages are often several versions behind the currently available release. You are also normally unable to install development milestone releases (DMRs), since these are not usually made available in the native repositories. For more information on using the native package installers, see Section 7.7, “Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories”.

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Установка и настройка MySQL в Ubuntu 20.04

MySQL — это реляционная СУБД, которая использует язык запросов SQL. В инструкции мы рассмотрим, как запустить MySQL на Ubuntu 20.04. Для этого нам потребуется облачный сервер.

Создание облачного сервера

Создать облачный сервер с операционной системой Ubuntu 20.04 можно в Облачной платформе Selectel.

Откройте панель управления, перейдите в раздел Серверы и нажмите Создать сервер.

В качестве источника выберите в списке Ubuntu 20.04.

Сконфигурировать сервер можно любым образом, подробнее о настройках в Базе знаний.

Чтобы в дальнейшем можно было подключиться к серверу извне, создайте плавающий IP-адрес. Для этого в выпадающем списке Сеть выберите Плавающий IP-адрес.

Подготовка системы

Перед установкой MySQL сервер нужно подготовить: подключиться к нему по SSH и настроить брандмауэр с помощью UFW.

Подключение по SSH

Для подключения по SSH в терминале локальной машины введите:

IP-адрес сервера находится на вкладке Порты на странице сервера.

Пароль для root-пользователя, который требуется при аутентификации, можно найти на вкладке Консоль.

Настройка брандмауэра в Ubuntu

После подключения настройте брандмауэр так, чтобы он разрешал подключения к серверу по SSH.

Обновите индекс пакетов:

Установите утилиту UFW для настройки брандмауэра:

Проверьте список профилей UFW:

В списке должен быть указан OpenSSH:

Разрешите подключения по SSH:

Убедитесь, что брандмауэр активен, и включены профили OpenSSH:

Вывод будет выглядеть так:

Теперь можно переходить к установке и настройке MySQL на облачном сервере.

Установка MySQL

Установить MySQL на Ubuntu 20.04 можно через пакет:

На момент публикации инструкции по умолчанию ставится версия 8.0.23.

Вы можете проверить установленную версию:

Начальная настройка MySQL

Запустите скрипт для повышения безопасности MySQL:

Система запросит разрешение на установку плагина валидации паролей. Этот плагин проверяет безопасность пароля и позволяет пользователю ставить только достаточно защищенные пароли.

Если вы хотите установить этот плагин, введите в консоли y или Y.

Есть три уровня защищенности пароля: LOW (0), MEDIUM (1) и STRONG (2). Чтобы задать уровень пароля, нажмите соответствующую цифру, например, 2 для сильного пароля. Даже если вы на предыдущем шаге не установили плагин, система запросит вас поставить пароль для пользователя root — введите его два раза.

Если плагин установлен, будет показан уровень надёжности пароля Estimated strength of the password.

Далее система задаст ряд вопросов: хотите ли вы использовать этот пароль для продолжения работы, удалить ли всех анонимных пользователей, запретить удаленно подключаться как root, удалить тестовую БД и доступ к ней, перезагрузить таблицы с привилегиями. Вы можете ответить на все эти вопросы положительно: y, Y или Enter.

Если в выводе появится All done!, то пароль для root успешно настроен.

По умолчанию вход в MySQL в Ubuntu не будет происходить по паролю. Чтобы настроить подключение через пароль, следуйте инструкции ниже.

Настройка аутентификации и управление пользователями

Аутентификация по паролю

Для root-пользователя аутентификация в MySQL происходит с использованием плагина auth_socket. Чтобы при подключении запрашивался пароль, нужно изменить плагин.

Войдите в оболочку MySQL:

Посмотрите, какой плагин используется:

Для пользователя root используется auth_socket:

Назначьте пользователю root новый плагин caching_sha2_password. Также установите пароль того уровня надежности, который вы задали ранее (на шаге Базовая настройка MySQL) — это может быть, например, тот же самый пароль. Введите его вместо password:

Некоторые приложения для работы с MySQL (например, phpMyAdmin) не будут надежно работать с плагином caching_sha2_password. В таком случае лучше установить другой плагин — mysql_native_password.

Проверьте, что для пользователя root плагин изменился на caching_sha2_password:

Закройте командную строку MySQL:

Дополнительный пользователь (опционально)

Вы можете создать дополнительного пользователя для работы с MySQL.

Если вы установили аутентификацию по паролю, изменилась команда для подключения к консоли MySQL:

Если у вас не установлена аутентификация по паролю, то для входа в MySQL используйте:

Создайте нового пользователя и поставьте пароль:

Если вы хотите дать пользователю полный доступ к определенной базе данных, используйте:

Закройте консоль MySQL:

Тестирование MySQL

Посмотрите статус MySQL:

В выводе должен быть индикатор зеленого цвета и статус active:

По какой-то причине сервис может быть не активен. В таком случае запуск MySQL в Ubuntu происходит через команду:

Если вы хотите дополнительно проверить работу MySQL, используйте инструмент mysqladmin — он нужен для администрирования MySQL-сервера. Подключитесь к MySQL и запросите пароль от root:

Если вывод выглядит подобным образом, то MySQL успешно установлена и готова к использованию:

Удаление MySQL

Если по какой-то причине вам нужно удалить MySQL из Ubuntu 20.04, сначала остановите сервисы:

Удалите пакеты MySQL:

Удалите всех пользователей:

Удалите файлы базы данных, конфигурационные файлы и логи:

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A Quick Guide to Using the MySQL APT Repository

This is a quick guide to using the MySQL APT repository, which provides deb packages for installing and managing the MySQL server, client, and other components on the current Debian and Ubuntu releases.

For legal information, see the Legal Notices.

For help with using MySQL, please visit the MySQL Forums, where you can discuss your issues with other MySQL users.

Document generated on: 2022-11-02 (revision: 74461)

Table of Contents

Steps for a Fresh Installation of MySQL

The following instructions assume that no versions of MySQL (whether distributed by Oracle or other parties) have already been installed on your system; if that is not the case, follow the instructions given in Replacing a Native Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL APT Repository or Replacing a MySQL Server Installed by a Direct deb Package Download instead.

Adding the MySQL APT Repository

First, add the MySQL APT repository to your system’s software repository list. Follow these steps:

Go to the download page for the MySQL APT repository at https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/apt/.

Select and download the release package for your Linux distribution.

Install the downloaded release package with the following command, replacing version-specific-package-name with the name of the downloaded package (preceded by its path, if you are not running the command inside the folder where the package is):

For example, for version w.x.y-z of the package, the command is:

Note that the same package works on all supported Debian and Ubuntu platforms.

During the installation of the package, you will be asked to choose the versions of the MySQL server and other components (for example, the MySQL Workbench) that you want to install. If you are not sure which version to choose, do not change the default options selected for you. You can also choose none if you do not want a particular component to be installed. After making the choices for all components, choose Ok to finish the configuration and installation of the release package.

You can always change your choices for the versions later; see Selecting a Major Release Version for instructions.

Update package information from the MySQL APT repository with the following command ( this step is mandatory ):

Instead of using the release package, you can also add and configure the MySQL APT repository manually; see Appendix A: Adding and Configuring the MySQL APT Repository Manually for details.

Once the MySQL APT repository is enabled on your system, you will no longer be able to install any MySQL packages from your platform’s native software repositories until the MySQL APT repository is disabled.

Installing MySQL with APT

Install MySQL by the following command:

This installs the package for the MySQL server, as well as the packages for the client and for the database common files.

During the installation, you are asked to supply a password for the root user for your MySQL installation.

Make sure you remember the root password you set. Users who want to set a password later can leave the password field blank in the dialogue box and just press Ok ; in that case, root access to the server will be authenticated by Socket Peer-Credential Pluggable Authentication for connections using a Unix socket file. You can set the root password later using the program mysql_secure_installation .

Starting and Stopping the MySQL Server

The MySQL server is started automatically after installation. You can check the status of the MySQL server with the following command:

If the operating system is systemd enabled, standard systemctl (or alternatively, service with the arguments reversed) commands such as stop , start , status , and restart should be used to manage the MySQL server service. The mysql service is enabled by default, and it starts at system reboot. See Managing MySQL Server with systemd for additional information.

A few third-party native repository packages that have dependencies on the native MySQL packages may not work with the MySQL APT repository packages and should not be used together with them; these include akonadi-backend-mysql, handlersocket-mysql-5.5, and zoneminder.

Selecting a Major Release Version

By default, all installations and upgrades for your MySQL server and the other required components come from the release series of the major version you have selected during the installation of the configuration package (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository). However, you can switch to another supported major release series at any time by reconfiguring the configuration package you have installed. Use the following command:

A dialogue box then asks you to choose the major release version you want. Make your selection and choose Ok . After returning to the command prompt, update package information from the MySQL APT repository with this command:

The latest version in the selected series will then be installed when you use the apt-get install command next time.

You can use the same method to change the version for any other MySQL component you want to install with the MySQL APT repository.

Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components

You can use APT to install individual components of MySQL from the MySQL APT repository. Assuming you already have the MySQL APT repository on your system’s repository list (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository for instructions), first, use the following command to get the latest package information from the MySQL APT repository:

Install any packages of your choice with the following command, replacing package-name with name of the package (here is a list of available packages):

For example, to install the MySQL Workbench:

To install the shared client libraries:

Installing MySQL from Source with the MySQL APT Repository

This feature is only supported on 64-bit systems.

You can download the source code for MySQL and build it using the MySQL APT Repository:

Add the MySQL APT repository to your system’s repository list and choose the major release series you want (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository for instructions).

Update package information from the MySQL APT repository with the following command ( this step is mandatory ):

Install packages that the build process depends on:

Download the source code for the major components of MySQL and then build them (run this command in the folder in which you want the downloaded files and the builds to be located):

deb packages for installing the various MySQL components are created.

Pick the deb packages for the MySQL components you need and install them with the command:

Notice that dependency relationships exist among the MySQL packages. For a basic installation of the MySQL server, install the database common files package, the client package, the client metapackage, the server package, and the server metapackage (in that order) with the following steps:

Preconfigure the MySQL server package with the following command:

You will be asked to provide a password for the root user for your MySQL installation; see important information on root password given in Installing MySQL with APT above. You might also be asked other questions regarding the installation.

Install the required packages with a single command:

If you are being warned of unmet dependencies by dpkg , you can fix them using apt-get :

Here are where the files are installed on the system:

All configuration files (like my.cnf ) are under /etc/mysql

All binaries, libraries, headers, etc., are under /usr/bin and /usr/sbin

The data directory is under /var/lib/mysql

Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository

Before performing any upgrade to MySQL, follow carefully the instructions in Upgrading MySQL. Among other instructions discussed there, it is especially important to back up your database before the upgrade .

The following instructions assume that MySQL has been installed on your system using the MySQL APT repository; if that is not the case, follow the instructions given in Replacing a Native Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL APT Repository or Replacing a MySQL Server Installed by a Direct deb Package Download instead. Also notice that you cannot use the MySQL APT repository to upgrade a distribution of MySQL that you have installed from a nonnative software repository (for example, from MariaDB or Percona).

Use the MySQL APT repository to perform an in-place upgrade for your MySQL installation (that is, replacing the old version and then running the new version using the old data files) by following these steps:

Make sure you already have the MySQL APT repository on your system’s repository list (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository for instructions).

Make sure you have the most up-to-date package information on the MySQL APT repository by running:

Note that, by default, the MySQL APT repository will update MySQL to the release series you have selected when you were adding the MySQL APT repository to your system. If you want to upgrade to another release series, select it by following the steps given in Selecting a Major Release Version.

As a general rule, to upgrade from one release series to another, go to the next series rather than skipping a series. For example, if you are currently running MySQL 5.6 and wish to upgrade to a newer series, upgrade to MySQL 5.7 first before upgrading to 8.0.

For important information about upgrading from MySQL 5.6 to 5.7, see Upgrading from MySQL 5.6 to 5.7.

For important information about upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to 8.0, see Upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to 8.0.

In-place downgrading of MySQL is not supported by the MySQL APT repository. Follow the instructions in Downgrading MySQL.

Upgrade MySQL by the following command:

The MySQL server, client, and the database common files are upgraded if newer versions are available. To upgrade any other MySQL package, use the same apt-get install command and supply the name for the package you want to upgrade:

To see the names of the packages you have installed from the MySQL APT repository, use the following command:

If you perform a system-wide upgrade using apt-get upgrade , only the MySQL library and development packages are upgraded with newer versions (if available). To upgrade other components including the server, client, test suite, etc., use the apt-get install command.

The MySQL server always restarts after an update by APT. Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, run mysql_upgrade after the server restarts to check and possibly resolve any incompatibilities between the old data and the upgraded software. mysql_upgrade also performs other functions; see mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables for details. As of MySQL 8.0.16, this step is not required, as the server performs all tasks previously handled by mysql_upgrade .

Replacing a Native Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL APT Repository

Variants and forks of MySQL are distributed by different parties through their own software repositories or download sites. You can replace a native distribution of MySQL installed from your Linux platform’s software repository with a distribution from the MySQL APT repository in a few steps.

The MySQL APT repository can only replace distributions of MySQL maintained and distributed by Debian or Ubuntu. It cannot replace any MySQL forks found either inside or outside of the distributions’ native repositories. To replace such MySQL forks, you have to uninstall them first before you install MySQL using the MySQL APT repository. Follow the instructions for uninstallation from the forks’ distributors and, before you proceed, make sure you back up your data and you know how to restore them to a new server.

A few third-party native repository packages that have dependencies on the native MySQL packages may not work with the MySQL APT repository packages and should not be used together with them; these include akonadi-backend-mysql, handlersocket-mysql-5.5, and zoneminder.

Backing Up Your Database

To avoid loss of data, always back up your database before trying to replace your MySQL installation using the MySQL APT repository. See Backup and Recovery for instructions.

Adding the MySQL APT Repository and Selecting a Release Series

Add the MySQL APT repository to your system’s repository list and select the release series you want by following the instructions given in Adding the MySQL APT Repository.

Replacing the Native Distribution by an APT Update

By design, the MySQL APT repository replaces your native distribution of MySQL when you perform upgrades on the MySQL packages. To perform the upgrades, follow the same instructions given in Step 4 in Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository.

Once the native distribution of MySQL has been replaced using the MySQL APT repository, purging the old MySQL packages from the native repository using the apt-get purge , apt-get remove —purge , or dpkg -P command might impact the newly installed MySQL server in various ways. Therefore, do not purge the old MySQL packages from the native repository packages .

Replacing a MySQL Server Installed by a Direct deb Package Download

deb packages from MySQL for installing the MySQL server and its components can either be downloaded from the MySQL Developer Zone’s MySQL Download page or from the MySQL APT repository. The deb packages from the two sources are different, and they install and configure MySQL in different ways.

If you have installed MySQL with the MySQL Developer Zone’s deb packages and now want to replace the installation using the ones from the MySQL APT repository, follow these steps:

Back up your database. See Backup and Recovery for instructions.

Follow the steps given previously for adding the MySQL APT repository.

Remove the old installation of MySQL by running:

Install MySQL from the MySQL APT repository:

If needed, restore the data on the new MySQL installation. See Backup and Recovery for instructions.

Removing MySQL with APT

To uninstall the MySQL server and the related components that have been installed using the MySQL APT repository, first, remove the MySQL server using the following command:

Then, remove any other software that was installed automatically with the MySQL server:

To uninstall other components, use the following command, replacing package-name with the name of the package of the component you want to remove:

To see a list of packages you have installed from the MySQL APT repository, use the following command:

Special Notes on Upgrading the Shared Client Libraries

You can install the shared client libraries from MySQL APT repository by the following command (see Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with APT for more details):

If you already have the shared client libraries installed from you Linux platform’s software repository, it can be updated by the MySQL APT repository with its own package by using the same command (see Replacing the Native Distribution by an APT Update for more details).

After updating MySQL using the APT repository, applications compiled with older versions of the shared client libraries should continue to work.

If you recompile applications and dynamically link them with the updated libraries: as typical with new versions of shared libraries, any applications compiled using the updated, newer shared libraries might require those updated libraries on systems where the applications are deployed. If those libraries are not in place, the applications requiring the shared libraries might fail. Therefore, it is recommended that the packages for the shared libraries from MySQL be deployed on those systems. You can do this by adding the MySQL APT repository to the systems (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository) and installing the latest shared client libraries using the command given at the beginning of this section.

Installing MySQL NDB Cluster Using the APT Repository

The MySQL APT repository supports installation of MySQL NDB Cluster on Debian and Ubuntu systems. For methods to install NDB Cluster on other Debian-based systems, see Installing NDB Cluster Using .deb Files.

If you already have the MySQL server or MySQL NDB Cluster installed on your system, make sure it is stopped and you have your data and configuration files backed up before proceeding.

Adding the MySQL APT Repository for MySQL NDB Cluster

Follow the steps in Adding the MySQL APT Repository to add the MySQL APT repository to your system’s repository list. During the installation process of the configuration package, when you are asked which MySQL product you want to configure, choose “ MySQL Server & Cluster ” ; when asked which version you wish to receive, choose “ mysql-cluster- x . y . ” After returning to the command prompt, go to Step 2 below.

If you already have the configuration package installed on your system, make sure it is up-to-date by running the following command:

Then, use the same method described in Selecting a Major Release Version to select MySQL NDB Cluster for installation. When you are asked which MySQL product you want to configure, choose “ MySQL Server & Cluster ” ; when asked which version you wish to receive, choose “ mysql-cluster- x . y . ” After returning to the command prompt, update package information from the MySQL APT repository with this command:

Installing MySQL NDB Cluster

For a minimal installation of MySQL NDB Cluster, follow these steps:

Install the components for SQL nodes:

You will be asked to provide a password for the root user for your SQL node; see important information on the root password given in Installing MySQL with APT above. You might also be asked other questions regarding the installation.

Install the executables for management nodes:

Install the executables for data nodes:

Configuring and Starting MySQL NDB Cluster

See Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster on how to configure MySQL NDB Cluster and Initial Startup of NDB Cluster on how to start it for the first time. When following those instructions, adjust them according to the following details regarding the SQL nodes of your NDB Cluster installation:

All configuration files (like my.cnf ) are under /etc/mysql

All binaries, libraries, headers, etc., are under /usr/bin and /usr/sbin

The data directory is /var/lib/mysql

Installing Additional MySQL NDB Cluster Products and Components

You can use APT to install individual components and additional products of MySQL NDB Cluster from the MySQL APT repository (see Available Packages from the MySQL APT Repository for a list). To do that, assuming you already have the MySQL APT repository on your system’s repository list (see Adding the MySQL Yum Repository for MySQL NDB Cluster), follow the same steps given in Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with APT.

Known issue: Currently, not all components required for running the MySQL NDB Cluster test suite are installed automatically when you install the test suite package ( mysql-cluster-community-test ). Install the following packages with apt-get install before you run the test suite:

Available Packages from the MySQL APT Repository

Table 1 Available Packages from the MySQL APT Repository

Metapackage for installing the MySQL server

Metapackage for installing the MySQL client

Auto installer for NDB Cluster

MySQL client for NDB Cluster

NDB Cluster data node

NDB Cluster Java drivers

NDB Cluster management node

NDB Cluster memcached server

NDB Cluster Node.js adapters

MySQL server for NDB Cluster

Source package for NDB Cluster

NDB Cluster testsuite

MySQL database common files

MySQL database client library

MySQL database development files

MySQL embedded database development files

Metapackage for installing the MySQL test suite

MySQL test suite

MySQL benchmark suite

MySQL source code

MySQL Workbench (not available for Debian platforms)

MySQL Connector/Python for supported Ubuntu versions with Python 3.2 or later

MySQL Connector/Python for supported Debian versions with Python 2.6.3 or later, and for supported Ubuntu versions with Python 2.6.3 to 3.1

mysql-router MySQL Router ndbclient NDB Cluster client ndbclient-dev NDB Cluster client development library

*Known issue: The mysql-cluster-community-auto-installer package cannot be installed on Ubuntu 20.04 or later, which does not support the python-paramiko package, on which the mysql-cluster-community-auto-installer package depends.

Appendix A: Adding and Configuring the MySQL APT Repository Manually

Here are the steps for adding manually the MySQL APT repository to your system’s software repository list and configuring it, without using the release packages provided by MySQL:

Download the MySQL GPG Public key (see Signature Checking Using GnuPG on how to do that) and save it to a file, without adding any spaces or special characters. Then, add the key to your system’s GPG keyring with the following command:

Alternatively, you can download the GPG key to your APT keyring directly using the apt-key utility:

The KeyID for MySQL 8.0.28 release packages and higher is 3A79BD29 , as shown above. For earlier MySQL releases, the keyID is 5072E1F5 . Using an incorrect key can cause a key verification error.

Create a file named /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list , and put into it repository entries in the following format (this is not a command to execute):

Pick the relevant options for your repository set up:

Choose “ debian ” or “ ubuntu ” according to your platform.

Choose the appropriate version name for the version of your system; examples include “ buster ” (for Debian 10) and “ bionic ” (for Ubuntu 18.04).

For installing MySQL server, client, and database common files, choose “ mysql-5.7 ” or “ mysql-8.0 ” according to the MySQL version you want. To switch to another release series later, come back and adjust the entry with your new choice.

If you already have a version of MySQL installed on your system, do not choose a lower version at this step, or it might result in an unsupported downgrade operation.

For installing components like MySQL Workbench or MySQL Connector/Python, create a single entry for each of them, specifying respectively “ workbench-8.0 ” or “ connector-python-8.0 ” at the end of each entry.

For example, on the Ubuntu 18.04 platform use these lines in your mysql.list files to install MySQL 8.0 and MySQL Connector/Python from the MySQL APT repository:

Use the following command to get the most up-to-date package information from the MySQL APT repository:

You have configured your system to use the MySQL APT repository and are now ready to continue with Installing MySQL with APT or Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with APT.

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